The study by the Curator
of Collections at the
Shetland Museum into vernacular building in Shetland has now been published:
Ian Tait Shetland Vernacular
Buildings 1600 – 1900 The Shetland
Times Ltd., Lerwick, 2012. Dr. Tait’s research is an astonishingly
comprehensive and detailed survey that investigates and itemizes not only house
forms and materials, but also the intricate details that go to make these
places - roofs, fireplaces, windows, doors, locks and more; and it is not only
housing that is studied. The associated croft buildings that were so closely
integrated into habitation and daily existence on these islands are also
researched - pigsties, barns, byres and other agricultural structures are all
given careful attention; even sheep-shelter walls and enclosures for growing
kale - a form of cabbage - have been researched. Nothing is considered
insignificant. Life in these times and climes was indeed compact and coherent,
embedded in its unique context.
Dr. Ian Tait
Drawings by Nicholas Barnham
The surprise in this publication is to discover that what one assumed to be a Shetland 'vernacular' house - the classic 'bookend' cottage - is identified as not being part of the vernacular heritage. Why? It has become Shetland's icon in current paintings and drawings by local artists, and in numerous other promotional images too. The unique profile of the skews and chimneys, or lums as the locals call them, located in the layering of shaded hills, punctuating these undulations with their subtly angled enclosures, or blocking distinctive silhouettes into the sky, has become the current image of Shetland. Tait argues for their exclusion in his vernacular study because the concept was introduced by Scottish managers who brought with them their images of home, complete designs with imported materials, most noticeably the slates and timber detailing. Shetland has much stone but no slate; and the trees have long gone from these islands that relied on collected pieces of driftwood for the timber that was cleverly crafted into tools and pieces of furniture.
With the
disappearance of vernacular buildings from Shetland, the question about the
current role of these Scottish ‘imports’ needs to be asked: can an introduced
concept ever become a vernacular form? It seems that this style of building is
very close to becoming vernacular when today’s popular image of Shetland so
frequently includes only the quaint image of this introduced cottage form,
rarely that of the earlier shelters. Maybe there should be types of vernacular
in the scope of its definition - a hierarchy? The dictionary seems to support
Tait’s position: ‘a local style of architecture’ with the origin of the word
being ‘a household slave’:
vernacular
(vəˈnækjʊlə)
— n
1. the vernacular
the commonly spoken language or dialect of a particular people or place
2. a local style of architecture, in
which ordinary houses are built: this architect has re-created a true
English vernacular
— adj
3. relating
to, using, or in the vernacular
4. relating
to, using, or in the vernacular
5. built in
the local style of ordinary houses, rather than a grand architectural style
[C17: from Latin
vernāculus belonging to a household slave, from verna household slave]
World
English Dictionary
But did not slaves
eventually become locals? It seems to me that placing such ‘academic’
restrictions on the idea of the vernacular flies in the face of ordinary,
everyday understanding, even though it is technically correct.
Accepting that the
vernacular is housing or building that has arisen only from all Shetland
circumstances - indigenous structures - one looks for the image of these places
to seek out their identity. What are these places that seem to have faded from
memories? Where are they? Appropriately, there is no better photograph of a
vernacular dwelling than that on the dust cover of this book. The inner flyer
tells us that this is a photograph of the cottage that was the oldest
vernacular house to be occupied in Shetland, right up to 1996, when it was
demolished. What! - ? Did one read this correctly? 1996? Demolished? The
photograph is in full colour and shows a marvellous house complete with the complexity
of its set of associated buildings. Even a woman is shown - the last occupant?
If this building was so significant, why was it demolished. Surely by 1996 the
community must have been aware of its importance? One might understand if the
date had been 1969, a time when the enthusiasm for things new saw numerous
wonders demolished across the world.
The text makes the
statement as a cool matter of fact, without any sign of complaint or concern,
or any apparent regret or sense of remiss. Why on earth was this place
destroyed? By 1996 the world knew of the importance of heritage structures. It
is not as though we were still in the brash bold certainty of the 1960s and
70s, when modernism's ideals removed the rich core of many a toon, village,
town and city to create the stark voids known today. That this last pure
vernacular building could have been allowed to be demolished is a disgrace.
Then there is another thought: why were all of the other vernacular buildings
allowed to disappear? Is it true that roofs were removed to avoid the payment
of taxes? Why was this law not changed, reversed, to encourage the maintenance
of these old buildings? Did anyone care? Locals say that it takes only five
years without a roof, or with a damaged one, for a place to become derelict.
The ruins seem to confirm this, as do more recent examples of buildings that
were intact, habitable, a few years ago but are now dangerous structures to
enter, rotting edifices, one step away from classification as a ‘ruin.’ Sadly,
these places are now certainly ruined. They include ‘vernacular’ structures and
others and can be seen scattered across the islands, left as memories of
another time. What number of vernacular buildings has disappeared? There must
have been hundreds across the islands and yet so very little remains of their
presence in past times.
Croft House Museum, Dunrossness
The great irony is
that the book is committed so rigorously to vernacular structures after nearly
all have gone. Only the croft house at Dunrossness, a building renovated by The
Shetland Museum for public display, exists as an example of the vernacular
form - a good one too. The remainder is, at best, now illustrated as ruins
across the landscape, tumbling walls a metre or so high marking the locations
and plans of the places now long deserted, lingering on just as stones and
stories. Unst alone must have over a hundred ruins, both large and small. Some
of these have been beautifully and carefully recorded by Mrs. Owers. The
Heritage Museum at Haroldswick on Unst holds these marvelous illustrations that
connect people and place with historical documents and drawings: the names of
those who lived in these places; their role and work; the time scale; the
measured plans; the sketches of the walls, their details, and even occasionally
their location in the landscape. This is a unique testimony that sets the
example for other studies to look at the past as a whole - both its people and
their places.
The great sadness
is that the image of the vernacular house has been eradicated with the
certainty and thoroughness of the clearances themselves. The identity of these
homes has been stripped from the modern mind, to be rediscovered in faded old
photographs or in ancient postcards. The 'imported' bookend form of cottage has
become the current image of the old Shetland home. It has a cosy and
romantically familiar identity. It is similar in form to those houses seen in
the western isles and in Brittany, as well as throughout rural Scotland. Will
this new publication restore the vernacular identity that does indeed fit so
beautifully into the low, sprawling Shetland hills with its unique stamina,
integrity, textures, forms and colours? The old images reveal a coherence that
is admirable, a habitation that is truly fit for its place.
The creation of an
icon requires more than a text, especially an academic one, but it is a start.
Shetland has always had a lingering memory of things old, a certain intrigue
for pieces of different times and their stories. Baskets, tools, ponies and
their memorabilia, as well as various other objects used for crofting, all have
their stories, their collectors and breeders. The Shetland Pony stud book that
was first printed in 1891 is still being published annually. The stud book for
cattle is no longer in print. Cattle numbers on the islands have dropped dramatically. Now, in his book, Ian Tait is placing these
memories and objects into the fuller context of the habitation - the home as
croft: a complex of ben, back, byre, lum, store, shed and sty, all made from
the same limited local materials, and frequently interconnected. Tait invigorates
recollection and defines existence in times past with a unique clarity in his
explicit, analytical detail. His enthusiasm for the past kindles the spirit in
others.
New Shetland housing
Given the role
that the 'imports,' the ‘bookend’ cottages, now hold, why can these not become
a vernacular - a part of it - if all of the true originals have now gone? Gosh,
there is so much now imported into Shetland that one wonders why the academic
rigour is required on just this point other than for the special vagaries of
theoretical research. Norwegian houses; Norwegian boats; Tesco; and the rest of
the world, best illustrated in New Zealand lamb, are all there in these remote
islands. The landscape is being transformed into a Nordic vision with
the new Norwegian kit homes popping up on the slopes, complete with their
twin-coloured Norwegian stains highlighting walls, windows, doors and gables as
if they were at home. Where is the commitment to the vernacular? Sadly, it
seems, nowhere. But is not the classic Shetland sixareen and fourareen an
imported Norweigen concept? Does one exclude these from being the Shetland
natives that they have become? The narrow definition of ‘vernacular’ is a
strange proposition given the way that these boats have become such an
important part of Shetland's story. Even the wooden thumb latch that Tait says
was styled on a cast iron import is shunned. Why not give credit to the
transforming skill of the native mind?
There seems to be
an extreme rationalism here that creates its own rigour for its own specific
purposes: academic purity. As in language itself - and Shetland dialect is not
immune from this - imported names, sounds and spellings become part of the
native tongue without any demands for the separation or isolation that this
'vernacular' world of building seems to want to impose on its categorization.
Is it all just too academic? Was this Tait's PhD? One can almost hear the
tutor's critique demanding that the scope of the study be ‘clarified’ -
defined. Life is more muddled than rational minds might choose to allow with
their insistence on precise analysis and narrow categorisations. It is sad to
see anything become so intellectually rigid. Oddly, other cultures are more inclusively tolerant. Sometimes this diversity is celebrated.
The questions
about matters vernacular will need more consideration. Greater flexibility
seems to be required if the study is to match reality. Putting this matter
aside, one can peruse the book and ponder the stark beauty of the old, as well
as the raw hardships of life in other times, the efforts involved and the
commitments made. Did central hearths really work? What was this life? What
community? What contentment? Tait has defined the time scale for his work as
being from 1600 to 1900. Auld Gue, a typical manager's imported
'bookend' cottage, complete with imported Balahoulish slate roof and cast iron
skylights, was built in1852. What was the context for this building? What other
structures in Baliasta did it overlook, for this cottage still holds this
supervisorary role that the laird’s representatives always required? A quick
review of the interior design of this little home - two up, two down - reveals
a sophistication in timber detailing and wall lining - lathe and plaster, pitch
and Baltic pine - that is completely different to the vernacular house, with
elaborate timber mouldings as skirtings, architraves, cornices and wallrails.
What was this place?
Livingstone, in Shetland
and the Shetlanders, writes of his walk up to Crussafield that sits just
above and beyond Baliasta - spelt 'Balliasta' in the old correspondence. Crussafield,
(Field of Crosses), is said to be the site of the first All Thing on Shetland.
Just above Auld Gue on the hilltop slope is the mysterious Giant’s
Grave, a square made of four large stones. Those found guilty at the All Thing
were apparently given the opportunity to run to the kirk at Baliasta. It still
stands today as a ruin, stark stone walls in a graveyard. If killed on the way,
stones in the form of a cross would mark the spot where the body lay: hence the
field of crosses. A pardon would be given if the kirk was reached.
Auld Gue
Livingstone talks
of how, when he was passing a cottage on his way up the hill, a lady in the
porch beckoned him and welcomed him in. He records his astonishment at the
interior. This cottage must have been Auld Gue. The lady must have been
my grandmother. The relics that were once whole and polished in the interior
include a Victorian chaise lounge, a set of six carver chairs, a tilting round
dining table on carved tripod legs, cabinets and kitchen units. There are
sundry pieces of Clarice Cliff and Royal Doulton dinner sets, cut crystal and
decorated pots. Wall papered spaces - some walls were 19 layers thick - must
have created a classical Victorian appearance, cluttered with what the stories
tell of lost or pilfered musical instruments, clocks, china and books. One damp
travel guide to Paris was found in the old cottage. No wonder Livingstone was
amazed as he encountered this interior on his way to view the crosses on the
field behind the little home. No wonder Tait wants to separate these buildings
from any vision of vernacular. There is no sign of these now - no crosses or
interior embellishments. The interior is more stark and white now, perhaps
brighter, but not richer. The field has faded and the bones have eroded too.
Shetland has acid soils that consume calcium.
View over Baliasta (Baliasta kirk second from left)
If Livingstone had been familiar with the
vernacular house, as he must have been, then this cottage at Gue would have
been a wonder for his eyes. It seems that this is the difference that Tait is
trying to highlight when he chooses to isolate these pretty places of the
gentry from the raw beauty and bold necessity of the vernacular home that
reminds one of Glenn Murcutt's corrugated iron houses in Australia, complete
with their radial ridges and simple, juxtaposed rectangular plans. Does this
remembered analogy of older settlement give Murcutt's work its silent charm?
Marie Short house by Glenn Murcutt
The vernacular house has a rich organic character, shaped out of the earth, literally. It was made of rocks, straw and driftwood. Its minimalism is astonishing, as much as its identity is. Organic comes to mind but it is more than this. It was made by builders who new their materials and the climate they were building in. In making this assessment, one has to hypothesize that the climate, like the people, has not changed greatly. The recent riches from the North Sea and now West Atlantic oil have transformed this society. Maybe it is changing the climate too?
The roof is the
core of the identity of the vernacular house: that rolled ridge strapped with
nets and ropes stretched with rocks into a snug, tight shelter firmly moulded on rocks
set as dry stone walls, with minute and minimal openings for light and life -
for protection from the rain and wind: this is treeless Shetland. Cottages
linked to barns, byres and fields framed in dykes, interlaced the hills that
are intimately worked with as much craft and graft as was needed to construct
the houses. There is a satisfactory resolve in the appearances of these places,
something quaint and old, something nostalgic that makes the modern heart yearn
for such a life without realizing the difficulties that this existence
encountered. Such is our selective dreaming and the power of whimsy.
The impressive quality of Ian Tait's book is the way that the character of the people of these older times has been implied. Tait makes vernacular buildings really come to life. It was interesting that, after mentioning this publication at a small gathering on Unst, one older man proudly pointed out that a photograph of his mother was in the book. He said this with much pride. Ties to family and the past remain strong in Shetland. One can read the book with the knowledge that it is not only academically thorough and rigorous, but it is also human, understanding the folk of the times 1600 – 1900 with a gentle, considerate compassion. They are, after all, Tait’s forebears too. The book is a good example of research. It is important for architects as well as historians because of its empathetic rigour, its clear and certain exposition and its understanding that houses are more than shelters; that buildings are more than sheds; that they include a care and concern for the intricate details and the lives of the people who inhabit them, their interaction, just as all good design does.
NOTE - 10 JUNE 2015
This image of a vernacular croft house shows the home of Mary Jamieson (1860-1939), the Gillies, Sandness, which she shared with a pet otter. The photograph has been taken from the exhibition at the Shetland Museum and Archives in Lerwick, 31 May 2015 - Taatit Rugs: the pile bedcovers of Shetland. The exhibition is highly recommended.
a taatit rug
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